General Nineteenth Century New York and Barnum's Museum

Bluford Adams, "'All Things to All People': P. T. Barnum in American Culture," in E Pluribus Barnum: The Great Showman and the Making of U.S. Popular Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997).

William T. Alderson, ed., Mermaids, Mummies, and Mastodons: The Emergence of the American Museum (Washington, D.C.: American Association of Museums, 1992).

Phineas Taylor Barnum, The Life of P. T. Barnum, Written by Himself (New York: Redfield, 1855).

Phineas Taylor Barnum, Struggles and Triumphs or, Forty Years' Recollections of P. T. Barnum Written by Himself (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1981; abridgement of 1869 edition: NY: American News Company, 1871).

Robert Bogdan, Freak Show: Presenting Human Oddities for Amusement and Profit (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988).

Peter Buckley, "To the Opera House : Culture and Society in New York City, 1820-1860" (Ph.D. dissertation, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1984).

Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).

James W. Cook, The Arts of Deception: Playing with Fraud in the Age of Barnum (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001)

__________, "Mass Marketing and Cultural History: The Case of P. T. Barnum," American Quarterly, 51:1 (March 1999).

Andrea Stulman Dennett, Weird and Wonderful: The Dime Museum in America (New York: New York University Press, 1997).

Neil Harris, Humbug: The Art of P.T. Barnum (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973).

Philip B. Kunhardt, Jr., Philip B. Kunhardt III, and Peter W. Kunhardt, P. T. Barnum: America's Greatest Showman (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995).

Bruce A. McConachie, Melodramatic Formations: American Theatre and Society, 1820-1870 (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1992).

Constance Rourke, Trumpets of Jubilee (NY: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1927).

A. H. Saxon, P. T. Barnum: The Legend and the Man (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989).

A. H. Saxon, ed., Selected Letters of P. T. Barnum (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983).

Irving Wallace, The Fabulous Showman: The Life and Times Of P. T. Barnum (NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1959).

M. R. Werner, Barnum (Garden City, NY: Garden City Publishing Co.,1927).

FeJee Mermaid

Kenneth S. Greenberg, "The Nose, the Lie, and the Duel," in Honor and Slavery: Lies, Duels, Noses, Masks, Dressing as A Woman, Gifts, Strangers, Humanitarianism, Death, Slave Rebellions, the Proslavery Argument, Baseball, Hunting, and Gambling in the Old South (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996).

Jan Bondeson, "The Feejee Mermaid," in The Feejee Mermaid and Other Essays in Natural and Unnatural History (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999).

James W. Cook, "The Feejee Mermaid and the Market Revolution," in The Arts of Deception: Playing with Fraud in the Age of Barnum (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000).

Jenny Lind

Peter Buckley, "Jenny Lind and the Rise of the Celebrity," in "To the Opera House: Culture and Society in New York City, 1820-1860" (Ph.D. dissertation, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1984).

Bluford Adams, "The Jenny Lind Tour: 'Where's Barnum?'," in E Pluribus Barnum: The Great Showman and the Making of U.S. Popular Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997).

Sherry Lee Linnkon, "Reading Lind Mania: Print Culture and the Construction of Nineteenth-Century Audiences," Book History 1.1 (1998): 94-106.

Jefferson Davis and "The Belle of Richmond" Story

Mark E. Neely, Jr., Harold Holzer, and Gabor S. Boritt, "The Belle of Richmond," in The Confederate Image: Prints of the Lost Cause (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987).

Nina Silber, "Intemperate Men, Spiteful Women, and Jefferson Davis: Northern Views of the Defeated South," in The Romance of Reunion: Northerners and the South, 1865-1900 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993).

Kenneth S. Greenberg, "Masks and Slavery," in Honor and Slavery: Lies, Duels, Noses, Masks, Dressing as A Woman, Gifts, Strangers, Humanitarianism, Death, Slave Rebellions, the Proslavery Argument, Baseball, Hunting, and Gambling in the Old South (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996).

"Circassian Beauties"

Linda Frost, "The Circassian Beauty and the Circassian Slave: Gender, Imperialism, and American Popular Entertainment," in Freakery: Cultural Spectacles of the Extraordinary Body, Rosemarie Garland Thomson, ed. (New York: New York University Press, 1996).

Robert Bogdan, Freak Show: Presenting Human Oddities for Amusement and Profit (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988).

Phrenology

Charles Colbert, A Measure of Perfection: Phrenology and the Fine Arts in America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997).

Temperance

Ian R. Tyrrell, Sobering Up: From Temperance to Prohibition in Antebellum America, 1800-1860 (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1979).

Bluford Adams, "Barnum's Lecture Room: Excavating the Politics of the Moral Drama," in E Pluribus Barnum: The Great Showman and the Making of U.S. Popular Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997).

Bruce A. McConachie, "'We Will Restore You to Society,'" in Melodramatic Formations: American Theatre & Society, 1820-1870 (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1992).

1864 Conspiracy

John Calvin Batchelor, American Falls (NY: W. W. Norton, 1985). Fiction

Nat Brandt, The Man Who Tried to Burn New York (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986).

Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).

Joice Heth

Benjamin Reiss, The Showman and the Slave: Race, Death, and Memory in Barnum's America (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001).

Benjamin Reiss, "P. T. Barnum, Joice Heth, and Antebellum Spectacles of Race," American Quarterly, 51:1 (March 1999).

Chang and Eng

Darin Strauss, Chang and Eng (NY: E. P. Dutton, 2000). Fiction

Mark Slouka, God's Fool (NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002). Fiction

John Kuo Wei Tchen, New York before Chinatown: Orientalism and the Shaping of American Culture, 1776-1882 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999).